Connection Between Breast and Ovarian Cancer: Identified Links and Risk Factors
Breast and ovarian cancer share genetic links, primarily due to mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes. People carrying these mutations face a higher risk of developing both cancers.
The correlation between the two cancers is significant, especially for those with genetic mutations. A breast cancer diagnosis may even increase the risk of ovarian cancer, as well as vice versa. According to research, those with breast cancer are approximately twice as likely to develop ovarian cancer subsequently. Conversely, individuals with ovarian cancer have a 1.6-fold increased risk of subsequent breast cancer, although the risk varies depending on the elapsed time since their first cancer diagnosis.
Beyond BRCA mutations, other shared risk factors encompass family history, age, weight, reproductive history, hormone therapy, and certain lifestyle factors. Approximately 5% of families with ovarian and breast cancer have BRCA1 gene mutations, while around 20% have BRCA2 mutations. Other possible contributors to the evolution of both cancers include a family history of either cancer, advancing age, overweight or obesity, late first childbirth, never conceiving, not breastfeeding, and hormone therapy after menopause.
Some risk factors, such as having a prior history of breast or ovarian cancer, are unalterable. In managing these factors, individuals can employ careful monitoring, lifestyle adjustments, and in some instances, preventive medical procedures.
Healthcare specialists may advise individuals with a history of breast or ovarian cancer to undergo more frequent and thorough screenings, including regular mammograms, breast MRI scans, pelvic exams, transvaginal ultrasounds, and CA-125 blood tests. Genetic testing for BRCA1, BRCA2, and other relevant mutations is considered the best strategy for monitoring and prevention. For those carrying genetic mutations, preventive surgeries to remove organs or tissues may be an option to avert the onset or spread of cancer.
Modifiable risk factors include maintaining a moderate weight, engaging in regular exercise, limiting alcohol intake, and discussing contraception options with a doctor to weigh the risks based on individual circumstances.
A 2020 observational study suggests that individuals with both primary breast cancer and primary ovarian cancer have a relatively positive outlook, with 5- and 10-year overall survival rates of around 90%. The prognosis tends to be more favorable when the interval between the two diseases is longer. Other favorable factors include the person's age during their first cancer diagnosis and the elapsed time between the two cancers.
It is essential to stay vigilant for signs of recurrence or a second cancer after a prior diagnosis of breast or ovarian cancer. Early detection and prompt treatment are crucial for enhancing outcomes. Those at increased risk of ovarian cancer may include individuals with BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene mutations, a family history of ovarian, breast, or colorectal cancer, Lynch syndrome, endometriosis, never having been pregnant, having a late first pregnancy, or being over 40 years old.
Individuals must speak with a doctor if signs or symptoms of breast or ovarian cancer manifest, particularly for those with a personal or family history of these diseases. Awareness and timely treatment are vital for improving outcomes.
Beyond BRCA mutations, other shared risk factors include a strong family history of breast or ovarian cancer, advancing age, hormonal factors, reproductive factors, and certain lifestyle factors. While these factors are not as strongly linked as BRCA mutations, they can still contribute to an increased risk of developing breast or ovarian cancer.
- A breast cancer diagnosis can increase the risk of ovarian cancer, due to shared genetic links, particularly for those with genetic mutations.
- People with breast cancer are approximately twice as likely to develop ovarian cancer subsequently.
- Conversely, individuals with ovarian cancer have a 1.6-fold increased risk of subsequent breast cancer.
- Other shared risk factors for breast and ovarian cancer include family history, age, weight, reproductive history, hormone therapy, and certain lifestyle factors.
- Adopting a moderate weight, regular exercise, limiting alcohol intake, and discussing contraception options with a doctor can help manage modifiable risk factors.
- Early detection and prompt treatment are crucial for improving outcomes in those with a personal or family history of breast or ovarian cancer.
