Execution by Hanging
In the tragic event of a hanging, understanding the signs and investigative techniques is crucial for crime scene investigators. Here's a look at the common external features, types of hangings, and the role of an investigation.
Death by hanging is characterized by several distinct signs. The ligature mark, a well-defined furrow or groove around the neck caused by the noose or ligature, is the most important and specific sign. This mark may be oblique or horizontal, and its depth and width can vary depending on the ligature material and the individual's body weight.
The neck often appears elongated and may be tilted to one side. Cyanosis, or a bluish discoloration, around the face and lips, is common due to venous congestion and impaired blood flow. Small pinpoint hemorrhages, known as petechial hemorrhages, may be visible in the conjunctivae and sometimes on the face, caused by raised venous pressure.
In some cases, the face may appear congested or swollen, and there can be tongue protrusion due to asphyxia and venous congestion. However, usually, there are no external marks except the ligature mark, unless the event was homicidal.
Investigators should note the type of knot, the body position, appearance, and other distinguishing features. They should also check for a suicide note and other corroborating evidence. Investigators should be aware that the height of the person, the support, and the point of anchor are important factors to consider, as the point of anchor should be within the victim's reach.
Hangings can occur indoors or outdoors, and the cause of death is typically asphyxia or venous congestion. In judicial hangings, the cause of death is brainstem damage. Hangings can be suicidal, accidental, or homicidal, with suicidal hanging being the most preferred method for suicide.
It's essential to note that hangings can occur using various materials such as rope, cord, dhoti, chunri, saree, scarf, wire, or any other suitable material. In a crime scene investigation, it's important to photograph the victim and the crime scene before lowering the body by cutting the ligature without disturbing the neck knot or the knot at the point of anchor.
Investigators should also check for finger and foot prints near the place of anchor and over the support, respectively. In atypical hangings, the knot may be placed anywhere other than the typical position, or the body may only be partially suspended, with only the head and chest off the ground.
In conclusion, understanding the signs and investigative techniques is crucial in a hanging case. By examining the ligature mark, neck appearance, and other external features, investigators can gather valuable evidence to determine the cause of death and the circumstances surrounding the incident.
Crime scene investigators should also be informed about the potential involvement of mental health, health-and-wellness, and neurological disorders in cases of hangings. A thorough investigation may reveal medical-conditions that could have led to suicidal tendencies, possibly necessitating collaboration with medical professionals. It's important to consider mental health factors, such as depression or anxiety, that might have contributed to a suicidal hanging. Furthermore, investigators should be aware of the link between certain neurological disorders, like Parkinson's disease or epilepsy, and increased susceptibility to accidental hangings due to impaired coordination or seizures.
